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What (who) is cation - definition
![[[Hydrogen atom]] (center) contains a single [[proton]] and a single [[electron]]. Removal of the electron gives a cation (left), whereas the addition of an electron gives an anion (right). The hydrogen anion, with its loosely held two-electron cloud, has a larger radius than the neutral atom, which in turn is much larger than the bare proton of the [[cation]]. Hydrogen forms the only charge-+1 cation that has no electrons, but even cations that (unlike hydrogen) retain one or more electrons are still smaller than the neutral atoms or molecules from which they are derived.](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Ions.svg?width=200 "[[Hydrogen atom]] (center) contains a single [[proton]] and a single [[electron]]. Removal of the electron gives a cation (left), whereas the addition of an electron gives an anion (right). The hydrogen anion, with its loosely held two-electron cloud, has a larger radius than the neutral atom, which in turn is much larger than the bare proton of the [[cation]]. Hydrogen forms the only charge-+1 cation that has no electrons, but even cations that (unlike hydrogen) retain one or more electrons are still smaller than the neutral atoms or molecules from which they are derived.")
![Equivalent notations for an [[iron]] atom (Fe) that lost two electrons, referred to as [[ferrous]].](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Ions notation.svg?width=200 "Equivalent notations for an [[iron]] atom (Fe) that lost two electrons, referred to as [[ferrous]].")
![Mixed Roman numerals and charge notations for the [[uranyl]] ion. The oxidation state of the metal is shown as superscripted Roman numerals, whereas the charge of the entire complex is shown by the angle symbol together with the magnitude and sign of the net charge.](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Ions notation2.svg?width=200 "Mixed Roman numerals and charge notations for the [[uranyl]] ion. The oxidation state of the metal is shown as superscripted Roman numerals, whereas the charge of the entire complex is shown by the angle symbol together with the magnitude and sign of the net charge.")
![2NO3-}}). The 3-dimensional shell represents a single arbitrary [[isopotential]].](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Nitrate-ion-elpot.png?width=200 "2NO3-}}). The 3-dimensional shell represents a single arbitrary [[isopotential]].")
![Fig. 2: The Stoddart synthesis of [2]catenane](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/24 fig. 2.png?width=200 "Fig. 2: The Stoddart synthesis of [2]catenane")
![Cationic [[Acetylcholine]] binding to a [[tryptophan]] residue of the nicotinamide acetylcholine receptor via a cation–π effect.](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Acetylcholine-tryptophane cation-pi interaction.png?width=200 "Cationic [[Acetylcholine]] binding to a [[tryptophan]] residue of the nicotinamide acetylcholine receptor via a cation–π effect.")
![quadrupole]] charge distribution.](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Benzene Quadrupole.png?width=200 "quadrupole]] charge distribution.")
Wikipedia
An ion () is an atom or molecule with a net electrical charge. The charge of an electron is considered to be negative by convention and this charge is equal and opposite to the charge of a proton, which is considered to be positive by convention. The net charge of an ion is not zero because its total number of electrons is unequal to its total number of protons.
A cation is a positively charged ion with fewer electrons than protons while an anion is a negatively charged ion with more electrons than protons. Opposite electric charges are pulled towards one another by electrostatic force, so cations and anions attract each other and readily form ionic compounds.
Ions consisting of only a single atom are termed atomic or monatomic ions, while two or more atoms form molecular ions or polyatomic ions. In the case of physical ionization in a fluid (gas or liquid), "ion pairs" are created by spontaneous molecule collisions, where each generated pair consists of a free electron and a positive ion. Ions are also created by chemical interactions, such as the dissolution of a salt in liquids, or by other means, such as passing a direct current through a conducting solution, dissolving an anode via ionization.
